Some quick things to thing about when applying this case to masks used for humans in EMS
1. We don't use lower flow masks like they used in the study. I'm not sure what type of mask that they were using, but considering that only a delivery rate of 2-5 L/M was used, it's safe to say it wasn't a non-rebreather.
2. NRBs have one way valves which prevent the problem seen with coughing.
3. Higher flow rate would mean less penetration of CO2 into the line on the patients that actually were able to achieve it.